Young Adulthood Free Essays

string(219) 6 phase Page 2 BLANCO | MARIANO | QUEMADO | VILLON OT 121: Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o Deep close to home responsibilities to others ? On the off chance that one doesn't arrive at closeness, one may become selfabsorbed. OT121: Lifespan Development and Occupation II University of the Philippines Manila | College of Allied Medical Professions Department of Occupational Therapy | Block 21 †Occupational Therapy SS 2012 †2013 Young Adulthood Ms. Confidence Deanne Mari B. Caube 16 January 2013 YOUNG ADULTHOOD ? ? Age Range: 20 †40 years of age Difference of advancement o Changes due additional to individual, social, social occasions as opposed to ordered or organic changes o Hallmark of development †adjust and change in understanding to new conditions o More progressive changes †doesn't fit conveniently into a phase improvement hypothesis o The essential significance of grown-up is social (Rice, 1995). We will compose a custom exposition test on Youthful Adulthood or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now ? Changes are credited to social variables and connections o Marked by socially characterized achievements, and by jobs and connections that are a piece of patterns of family and profession (Craig, 1996) ? The connections that you will work during this stage are moderately changeless. The Age Clock ? Used to characterize or pass judgment on practices, desires, and weights of adulthood ? Parenthood ? Truly reliant employments ? They may view themselves as old since they are not, at this point fit to do past simple assignments. Meanings of Age o Biological age †future o Psychological age †adjustment to ecological requests o Social age †in contrast with social standards Maturity o Needs a specific social and natural elements o More subject to mental variables ? Physical and social freedom and self-governance ? Free dynamic ? Security ? Knowledge ? Unwavering quality ? Respectability ? Empathy o Maturity is the mental capacity to work and to cherish (Freud). PHYSICAL CHANGES ? Physical status o Peak of essentialness, wellbeing, quality, vitality, and continuance ? 25 years of age is the prime as far as quality. Every engine framework are at top during this age. ? Dispatch the youthful to do fight. OT 121: Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood ? ? ? Pinnacle of sensorimotor abilities ? 25 †30: pinnacle of physical molding, quality, engine aptitudes, organ working ? 20 - 40: pinnacle of visual keenness ? 20 - 45: pinnacle of taste, smell, temperature, and torment sensation ? Steady hearing misfortune (increasingly clear after 25; especially with sharp sounds) o Most physical decrease happens after 30s (10% misfortune until 60s) Fitness and wellbeing o Generally solid age period o Health designs built up in youthful adulthood are commonly impervious to change ? Puberty is a raging time of progress however when one enters youthful adulthood, it is normal that one? s organic frameworks are now settled. Regular Illnesses because of word related dangers o Chronic back agony †by workaholic behavior selves and the impact of pressure o Respiratory ailments o Premenstrual disorder o Sexually transmitted maladies ? Most noteworthy among youthful grown-ups and immaturity ? Because of destitution, tranquilize use and dangerous sexual movement o HIV †40 million individuals contaminated around the world, 95% from creating world ? Guys †lead reason for death ? Females †fourth reason for death Common Causes of Death o 3 causes that represent 72% in the mid 20s and 51% among 25 †multi year olds ? Mishaps ? Crime ? Self destruction o AIDS †single driving reason for death in guys matured 25-44 o YA has the least passing rate among grown-up gatherings However, in the whole grown-up life expectancy, youthful grown-ups have the most reduced demise rate. o Horribleness o Defined as the event of ailment o Symptoms frequently show up in YA ? Hereditarily decided illnesses (diabetes, sickle cell iron deficiency) (hypertension, ulcers, ? Stress-connected misery) Page 1 BLANCO | MARIANO | QUEMADO | VILLON ? Variables Linked to Health Status o Genetic elements ? Be that as it may, if absolutely hereditary qualities, it ought to be seen early (directly after birth) ? Multi-factorial maladies (hereditary qualities and natural) ? Diabetes ? Atherosclerosis (narrowing of vessels because of fat boards) ? Corpulence ? Disease wellbeing conditions ? Mental inclined to come out during YA, for example, schizophrenia o Health undermining practices ? Sustenance and cholesterol ? The type of food you eat will affect you general health ? Carotenoid-rich eating regimen †lesser possibility of coronary illness ? Plant-based eating regimen †decrease of malignant growth chance ? High-fat eating routine ? Colon and prostate malignancy ? Expanded cardiovascular dangers ? Weight ? Estimated utilizing weight file 2 ? BMI: Kg/m If BMI 25, overweight If BMI30, large ? Overall pandemic (WHO, 2001) ? Why? †Fast food culture †Labor sparing innovation †Genetic inclination: leptin reaction deficiency †Leptin tells the mind that one is as of now full †Some clinically corpulent may not react to leptin any longer ? May prompt enthusiastic issues and different maladies ? Physical action ? Stationary way of life is one of world’s 10 driving reasons for death and handicap ? Smoking ? Driving preventable reason for death in US ? Smoking and malignant growth ? Liquor ? School is prime time and spot for drinking (Papalia, et al. , 2004) cause poor scholastic ? Can execution ? Can increment different dangers for different sicknesses ? Liquor with some restraint can diminish the danger of heart sicknesses over the long haul (I. e. red wine). ? Medication use ? Top at 18 to 20 years of age ? Diminishes as grown-ups increment in development, settle down and assume liability o Marijuana and cocaine use can prompt memory misfortune, consideration shortfalls, subjective deficiencies, and now and again demise Indirect effects on wellbeing status ? Financial status ? Pay ? Instruction ? Higher financial status and training commonly lead to less introduction to wellbeing risks ? Sexual orientation ? Relationship ? Social ties ? Enthusiastic help ? Marriage ? Solid social condition prompts less dangers in mental diseases. ? ? ? Sound Habits o Sleeping consistently for 7-8 hours every night o Eating ordinary suppers o Not eating o Eating and practicing respectably o Not smoking o Drinking with some restraint Preventive Measures o Regular screening test o Self assessment o Proper body mechanics o Ergonomics SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CHANGES ? Speculations on Social and Emotional Issues of Young Adults o Normative-stage model Erikson: character changes ? Erik all through life ? Advancement follows fundamental grouping old enough related social and enthusiastic changes ? Regularizing occasions †happens to all individuals of particular age ? Changes are ascribed to age/science alone o Timing of occasions model ? Advancement relies upon the event of specific occasions ? Occasions that occurs off-time (losing an employment, impromptu pregnancy) ? Occasions that don't happen (singlehood, powerlessness to have a kid) ? On the off chance that on time †smooth advancement ? If not †stress would happen ? Elements influencing reaction on occasions ? Expectation and planning ? Subjective comprehension ? Wellbeing ? Character ? Life history ? Emotionally supportive networks ? Character, emotionally supportive network and understanding assume a major job on how one arrangements with surprising occasions o Erik Erikson’s Stages th ? Closeness versus Isolation: 6 phase Page 2 BLANCO | MARIANO | QUEMADO | VILLON OT 121: Lifespan Development and Occupation II Young Adulthood o Deep close to home responsibilities to others ? In the event that one doesn't arrive at closeness, one may become selfabsorbed. You read Youthful Adulthood in classification Papers ? Confinement for self-reflection ? Penance and bargain are required in a relationship ? YA with solid feeling of self are: ? Prepared to intertwine their personality with another ? â€Å"True Genitality† †shared climax in a caring hetero relationship ? Goals of this stage = LOVE ? The hazards of not satisfying the common procreative desire. The thought that singles are broken. George Vaillant’s Adaptation Theory ? People change and create through their lives ? People? lives are affected by nature of associations with others and not by confined awful mishaps ? The degree of psychological wellness impacts adjustment to life circumstances ? Commonp lace example ? Men in 20s †commanded by guardians ? Men in 20s and 30s †time of foundation; self-sufficiency, marriage, youngsters, developed kinship ? Men in 23-35s-period of solidification; doing what should be done ? Men in 40s †time of progress, addressing responsibilities, soulsearching or emotional meltdown ? Four Adaptive Mechanisms ? Develop †humor, helping other people, being philanthropic psyschosomatic ? Youthful manifestations (I. e. no physical explanation however feels torment) ? Crazy †twisting or denying reality ? Masochist †creating unreasonable feelings of dread (I. e. creating uneasiness) Daniel Levinson? s Life Structure Theory ? Developing life structure ? Fundamental example or structure of an individual at a given time ? Stages with assignments and achievements ? Has transitional stages for appearance in the middle of ? 17-33: Entry Phase of YA ? Construct first temporary life structure and enthusiastic ? Money related freedom ? Dream of future accomplishment ? Age 30 Transition ? Reconsider section life structure ? 30 onwards : Culminating Phase ? Settles down ? Set objectives that are time bound ? ? ? Stays life Transition ? Time of readiness to enter the grown-up world ? Disequilibrium comes because of numerous decisions a grown-up needs to make ? Times of steadiness and shakiness ? Reaction relies upon self-definition ? Attention to qualities and shortcomings ? Reason ? From pre-adult to grown-up ? Assuming liability for one’s self ? Settling on own choices ? Rethinking associations with guardians arrangement of ? Complete self-governance ? Freedom ? Passionate Independence liberated from parental reliance, one can settle on choices all alone ? Attitudinal Independence hold own convictions, relies upon quality of character

How to Get a Birthday Cake Delivered to a College Dorm

Instructions to Get a Birthday Cake Delivered to a College Dorm Regardless of whether youre a parent or a companion, sending a birthday cake to an understudies apartment can be one of the most keen things you can do during those distressing school years. Guardians stress over their children while theyre away, and companions need to celebrate in style with fun amazements. Regardless of whether youre significant distance or simply need to make your child or companion grin, sending a little celebratory blessing can have a significant effect. Conveying Birthday Cakes to Dorms The main thing you need to do is check whether the school you need to send a cake to offers exceptional requests for birthday treats through their eating lobbies or understudy life administrations. This would be a quick arrangement, so investigating the potential outcomes is vital. Basically ask when you visit the grounds during direction or give them a brisk call. At the University of Delaware, for example, you can send a YoUDee Gram â€a 10 to 15-minute visit by the school mascot, who is a mammoth blue chicken that shows up at the understudies quarters with inflatables, a signed photograph, and quite comic flair. Guardians and companions can likewise call the University of Delawares eating lobby to arrange a customized birthday cake for residence conveyance or get. Truth be told, different schools like Stanfords parent associationâ deliver birthday cakes, inflatables, and blossoms, as a pledge drive for the school gift support. Bread kitchen Deliveries Some school town bread kitchens convey nearby. Be that as it may, in the event that you cannot locate a nearby patisserie, there are a lot of dough punchers who will transport their products short-term or by means of two-day mail. Just check in with the grounds sorting room to check whether any limitations apply. Some acknowledge FedEx or UPS for the time being, while others lean toward US postal assistance conveyances. Get innovative with all the great opportunities for your cake send by drawing motivation from different schools: Arizona’s Fairytale Browniesâ mails a birthday box with brownies, a teddy bear, a kazoo, and a pin-the-tail-on-the-jackass game for around $50.The Delaware-based SAS Cupcakes ships arranged vanilla, triple chocolate, and red velvet cupcakes brightened for birthday events or Greek life occasions, joined by little banners with your kid or companions Greek letters. Conveyed by the dozen, this conveyance costs around $45. A Homemade Birthday Box Disregard all the cerebral pains and collect your own birthday-in-a-case. Iced cakes dont do well via the post office, so you can prepare a cake. The moister the cake, the better. Consider flavors likeâ pumpkin, carrot, or banana. Once youve prepared your cake, youll need to ensure its wrapped before you transport it off. Incorporate little augmentations to your consideration bundle, similar to a straightforward container of grocery store icing, a crate of candles, and a birthday tiara. Then again, you can heat up a bunch of chocolate treats that areâ decorated to look like cupcakes, and boat them off. For a bonus, include a birthday card or a little present.

How to get PayPal verified account where PayPal is not Operating

How to get PayPal verified account where PayPal is not Operating PayPal is most used online payment option all over the world. But PayPal is operating in 190 countries but unfortunately not operating in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and in some other countries. Mostly there is biggest outsourcing income has to receive via PayPal. In Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal has a good number of online worker who depend on outsourcing. But they face problem to receive their earnings. We know PayPal is most reliable option to receive money by spending small fees, however PayPal is not operating in Bangladesh and Pakistan. As a blogger I was also facing problem to receive money from affiliate ads networks. So to solve this problem I found a solution where people can easily open verified PayPal account. To get PayPal verified account you have to go through 3 different steps. First you have to open Payoneer account then you can get PayPal verified account. So lets proceed to the steps and remember to Clear your browsers cache, cookies and Dont use any proxy server. Open Payoneer Account Get US Fake Address Open PayPal account 1. How to Open Payoneer Account? Step 1Go tohttp://www.payoneer.com/and click on Sign-Up Now. Step 2Provide the all accurate information such as, Name, Address, Contact number, E-mail address. Step 3Payoneer will approve your account and they will send a Prepaid Master Card within 30-40 days. Step 4After receiving your Prepaid Master Card you have to write Card numberon your Payoneer online account as well as you have to choose 4 digit Pin number. Step 5Now you have to go for US Payment Service which will be automatically activate with your Prepaid Master Card. But in case of some account it require some question answers. Step 6After approval from US Payment Service you will getRouting NumberandAccountnumber (Those number will require for PayPal account verification) 2. Get Fake address from US Before proceed to PayPal account you have to get an address from US. You can take help from your any relatives or you can use Fake address generator. Step 1Go tohttp://www.fakenamegenerator.com Step 2Now Select your name type (Different nations Such as, American, Arabic, Persian, Swedish Australian etc.), Gender (Male or Female) and click on Generate button. Step 3It will provide you name, address, Post Code and Phone number (remember all address may not vacant so try different address) 3. How To Open PayPal account? Step 1Now Go tohttp://paypal.com/and selectUnited Stateas your country of residence. Step 2Now click on Sign Up button and provide your real name and fake address with Phone Number. Step 3after finishing sign up process you will get 2 options to verify your PayPal account either throughBank AccountorCredit Card. You must select theBank Accountoption. And dont allow to call into previously provided phone number. Step 4Under Bank Option you have to provideRouting NumberandAccount number( From US Payment System). Step 5You will receive an email that PayPal will deposit 2 amount into your US Bank Account generally less than $1. It takes 2 working days to get deposited amount. Step 6After receiving the payment into Payoneer account again sign in into your PayPal account and click onVerifylink. And simply write the 2 deposited amount into your Payoneer account. Step 7Thats it. Your PayPal account is now verified and ready to use. Limitations Because you are using US address so you cant purchase anything from online. Remember you can only receive fund and you have to transfer the fund to Payoneer account to use it. So you should take some pre-cautions to use this account. Dont log into your PayPal account for 1 week after getting verified. Always clear your cache and cookies before login into yourPaypal account and after logged out. Dont use it for business purpose. Never use a proxy to login. As soon as receiving the money always transfer it to your Payoneer account.

Divorce Essay On Divorce - 1972 Words

Susan Parks Prof. David Mercer Family Law Final Writing Project October 13, 2017 The American Divorce: Before and After No-Fault Mr. and Mrs. James Luxford of the Massachusetts Bay Colony hold the distinction of being the first couple to divorce in the American Colonies back on December 3, 1639, on the grounds of bigamy. After the divorce was granted, James was promptly thrown in the stocks and eventually banished to England. Divorce was treated with more severity back then. The stigma once connected to divorce has changed drastically throughout American history, both in laws and public perceptions. While divorce was allowed and there were laws addressing this need, it was discouraged and would be granted only on limited†¦show more content†¦The desire to send men away happy led to casual sexual encounters, quick marriages and often both. These illicit relations among the unmarried startled and began to shift society standards. Still, marriage rates skyrocketed during the war years. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that more marriages had occurred, â€Å"in each of the past four years than in any prior year in the history of the United States.† â€Å"War mobilization encouraged many couples to marry sooner than they had planned and others to marry soon after meeting each other. Many of these long distance relationships unraveled over the war years, with the high wartime marriage rates resulting in the highest divorce rates in U.S. history.† All of these factors forged a different society. After these collective experiences, many women were unwilling to step back into the submissive roles they had been relegated to in the past. They had come to appreciate their newly found autonomy and sense of independence. As Susan B. Anthony II stated at the time, the war’s end would â€Å"mark a turning point in women’s road to full equality.† As men returned home and divorce rates rose to record numbers, couples were faced with the dilemma of finding fault grounds for divorce, but there were no provisions for blaming the catalyst of a World War. Alongside this, the era of Civil Rights began to make its first crawling attempts onto the national stage. TimesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Divorce730 Words   |  3 PagesBroken families are on since the beginning of humanity. In fact, divorce, which has been very common in today’s societies, is the major cause that leads to family devastation. However, alth ough, in some cases, divorce is the only solution for a family to live in peace, one must think many times before taking such decision, and that is because of many . When life becomes unbearable between a women an her husband, they may think of divorce as being a fair solution for both of them to get their â€Å"independence†Read MoreDivorce Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is an event which presents a drastic change into anyone’s life, no matter what their age is. Witnessing love between parents deteriorate, having parents break a significant commitment, adapting to going back and forth between two different households, and living with only one parent, all create a challenging environment in which to grow up and live in. However, especially for young children, parental divorce is a turning point in their life. After a divorce, the life that follows is significantlyRead MoreDivorce Essay992 Words   |  4 Pages Divorce can destroy family Not too long ago, â€Å"divorce† was forbidden, unaccepted, unheard of, difficult to get, and considered as an act of sin among married couples. 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As this century has passed, more and more divorces are taking place at an increased rate each year, and while it may be hard on the parents, its detrimental to so many children. It confuses them, upsets them, and leaves them questioning many things, most of which they will never find out until they are older. From 1950 to 1980 there has been a total of 175% increase in divorces. The statistics now indicate, that half of all children will witness the breakupRead MoreEssay on Divorce1922 Words   |  8 PagesIngredients for Divorce Rachel Warren Lake Michigan College Ingredients for Divorce Marriage symbolizes a unity between two people. Some marriages last and for others result in divorce. Divorce is the legal separation of two people who must break their vows because they no longer want the marriage to continue. Divorce is not the exception anymore it is almost the norm. Couples have lived together for many years and were able to make a living and a relationship. Then all of a sudden they wantRead MoreEssay about Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates2151 Words   |  9 PagesDivorce laws in the United States are significantly more lenient today than they were many years ago, especially during that of the WWII era. A marriage defined by Merriam-Webster is a legally sanctioned contract between a man and a woman to be together for life. This definition is not so far from that of the religious definition of marriage. From a religious stand point, however depending on your specific religion, marriage is meant to be a union of a forever relationship even through eternity.

Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2977 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Make recommendations on how the impact of moral distress on nursing staff can be limited. What is moral distress? Moral distress is the state of psychological discomfort and distress that arises when an individual recognises that they have moral responsibility in a given situation, make a moral judgement regarding the best course of action but for a range of reasons are unable to carry out what they perceive to be the correct course of action.   In reference to nursing, it specifically refers to the psychological conflict that occurs when a nurse has to take actions that conflict with what they believe is right, for example, due to restrictions in practice policies within institutions (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Studies in this area usually use the original definition by Jameton in 1993 moral distress arises when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action (Jameton, 1984).   Further work by Wilkinson in 1987, who published an account of moral distress (Wilkinson, 1989) refined this definition to relate it directly to psychological disequilibrium and negative feeling (Wilkinson, 1987).   Common causes cited by nurses for not being able to fulfil their moral responsibility include a lack of confidence in the ability of colleagues, negative attitudes of colleagues towards patients and a team decision on care that does not follow the patients expressed wishes, or fear of reprisal resulting from the course of action they feel is best for the patient (Wojtowicz et al., 2014). For example, a nurse working in post-operative ward might experience a patient dying as the result of refusing a blood transfusion following surgery due to religious beliefs.   The nurses personal judgement may be that the patient should receive the blood transfusion to give them the best chance of surviving the surgery.   However, because the patient did not consent, the nurse could not carry out the action they perceived to be correct.   When the pati ent died, the nurse may have experienced emotional and psychological distress in the form of guilt and anger that they had not saved a life that may have been possible to save, as well as feelings of helplessness that they could not overrule the patients wishes (Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€š . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss how moral distress can affect nurses and its impact on nursing staff retention." essay for you Create order What situations are more likely to cause moral distress? In 2015, Whitehead et al carried out a large scale questionnaire based study in the USA on moral distress amongst nurses and other healthcare professionals (592 participants, 395 of which were registered nurses).   The most common causes of moral distress in nurses included frustration at a lack of patient care due to inadequate continuity (rated 6.4 by nurses on a Likert scale of 0-16), poor communication (5.8) or inadequate staffing levels (5.7).   Additionally, nurses reported that giving life supportive therapy when not in a patients best interest (6.0), or resuscitation only to prolong the process of death (5.8) were also rated highly.   This study also showed that physicians and other healthcare professionals also rated these factors highly, but overall their scores were less than those of nurses.   The authors concluded that nurses are more likely to experience moral distress than other healthcare professionals, possibly due to a discrepancy betwe en levels of responsibility for patient welfare and the required autonomy to make the decisions they believe should be made, as well as feelings of accepting treatment protocols from physicians which they feel are incorrect but unable to challenge or overrule.   Poor team leadership and poor communication was also cited by nurses as a cause of moral distress (Whitehead et al., 2015). Moral distress appears to be more likely amongst nursing staff who are involved in patient care protocols that are considered to be aggressive and futile e.g. prolonged end of life care, or care protocols that the nurse does not consider to be in the patients best interest.   For these reasons, moral distress is thought to be particularly prevalent amongst nurses treating patients in palliative care (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), paediatrics, intensive care (Whitehead et al., 2015; Wilson et al., 2013; Ulrich et al., 2010) and neonatal environments (Wilkinson, 1989).   Additiona lly moral distress is also prevalent amongst psychiatric nurses due to increased feelings of responsibility for vulnerable patients, particularly as these patients are at risk of suffering from ethical mistreatments, e.g. misinformation about drug side effects (Wojtowicz et al., 2014).   Other studies have also identified that issues with the institution itself can cause moral distress, such as inadequate staffing, depersonalisation of staff, inadequate supply of resources and overloading of work (Dalmolin et al., 2014). How does it affect nursing staff? Moral distress can have psychological consequences that affect the nurses performance and wellbeing.   For example, it is thought that nurses experiencing moral distress may self-blame or criticise themselves for an unsatisfactory outcome, and may experience emotions of anger, guilt, sadness or powerlessness (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).   They may shift blame onto others or exhibit avoidance behaviours such as taking time off for illness.   Physical manifestations may also include headaches, diarrhoea, sleep disturbance and palpitations, which may well be interpreted as illness and require time off work, further contributing to low staffing levels, which perpetuates a cycle of understaffing = moral distress / illness = time off = understaffing (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011).   Moral distress is associated with burnout (or emotional exhaustion and extreme stress) and with a reduced sense of professional fulfilment (Dalmolin et a l., 2014) . Moral distress and staff retention Because experiencing moral distress has been linked to harm and stress to nurses, as well as a reduction in the quality of patient care, many studies have cited it as a reason for nurses to leave the profession, resulting in a reduction in staffing levels and self-perpetuating cycle of staff shortages (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011; Borhani et al., 2014).   Indeed, one study of 102 intensive care nurses in the USA found that as many as 40% had left or had considered leaving a job as the direct result of moral distress (Morgan and Tarbi, 2015), Together, these issues can significantly compromise the quality of patient care and result in burnout of nursing staff, causing more to leave the profession to avoid the feelings of guilt that moral distress can cause, particularly in those specialisms typically associated with moral distress such as oncology or paediatrics.   Moral distress also contributes to job dissatisfaction, typically as the result of a discrepancy bet ween the experience the nurse is expecting to have at an institution, and the actual experience (Borhani et al., 2014) This is particularly true of student nurses, who are more likely to have higher expectations of the profession they have worked hard to join, and will be more familiar with the policies and values by which organisations should be run rather than the reality, where it is likely that some practices will be sub-optimal or archaic (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€š Managing and limiting the impact of moral distress As previously discussed, moral distress is thought to primarily result from either institutional disorganisation (which can be prevented), or distressing ethical situations such as providing futile life prolonging treatment which are unfortunately inevitable (Whitehead et al., 2015).   However, there are ways in which nurses and their management can prepare themselves to deal with these situations effectively, thus reducing the impact of the moral distress (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Although it is important for nursing staff to be supported by their management, ultimately the nurse should be responsible for themselves and their own psychological wellbeing in order to prevent burnout from moral distress (Severinsson, 2003). Several studies have suggested that the best way to reduce the risk of burnout as a result of moral distress is for nurses to share their feelings and seek support from their peers, ideally in an environment where nurses can shar e their experiences and discuss ethical implications of specific situations.   It is also important that nurses understand what moral distress is, and can identify the source of negative feelings.   Psychologically it is thought to be important that nurses acknowledge and identify these feelings so that they may be processed in a less damaging manner (Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Deady and McCarthy, 2010; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber et al., 2008).   Nurses should also be encouraged to challenge treatment protocols they feel are inappropriate without fear of reprisal (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).   Some researchers have advocated approaches such as nurses emotionally distancing themselves from distressing situations, or actively striving to desensitise themselves.   However it is controversial whether or not this actually reduces moral distress, and of course raises questions about patient welfare with some suggesting that it is important that the nurse fee ls ethically responsible (Whitehead et al., 2015; Severinsson, 2003) and has a degree of emotional involvement in the situation in order to provide best possible care (Bryon et al., 2012; Linnard-Palmer and Kools, 2005; Severinsson, 2003). The majority of studies in this area recommend that moral distress should be included in the curriculum studied by student nurses, along with practical recommendations regarding measures that can be taken to deal with it as and when it occurs (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Borhani et al., 2014; Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Whitehead et al., 2015), for example in the form of ethical philosophical discussion to facilitate students to explore their individual moral value systems and emotional responses, as well as be more informed regarding the underlying psychological processes involved.   Therefore nurses may better understand the thought processes involved, and be better equipped to identify unhelpful thinking patt erns that may result from moral distress, thus limiting stress and avoiding the development of burnout (Stanley and Matchett, 2014; Severinsson, 2003). It has been shown by several studies that moral distress occurs less in institutions and teams where there is a healthy and positive attitude towards ethics and the discussion of the application of ethics (Whitehead et al., 2015).   Therefore, it is important that institutions encourage the development of an ethically healthy environment at all levels of management (Deady and McCarthy, 2010).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Additionally, many studies highlight that incompetence in colleagues and subsequent errors in patient care is a primary source of moral distress in nursing staff, and as such institutions should ensure that an adequate quality of care monitoring system is in place, preferably where staff are able to raise concerns without fear of reprisal (Whitehead et al., 2015; Stanley and Matchett, 2014).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ins titutions should also strive to reduce factors such as institutional disorganisation, inadequate resource levels and understaffing (Dalmolin et al., 2014).   Anonymous reviews have also identified extreme examples of patient mistreatment and poor care, and a lack of empowerment of student nurses in particular to report or challenge unacceptable behaviour in colleagues.   Universities and institutions should therefore encourage an environment where this is possible (Rees et al., 2015).   Feelings of powerlessness to contest clinical decisions can also be reduced by encouraging   collaborative decision making within teams (Karanikola et al., 2014; Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber et al., 2008). Healthcare institutions should also recognise their responsibilities in reducing moral distress amongst nursing staff in order to support them correctly and also to retain staff and limit absence due to staff sickness.   For example, an institution could appo int a designated ethics consultant who can offer guidance to nurses, and ensure that staff have access to counselling if required to address any psychological distress.   The institution could also support the setting up of an ethics discussion forum where staff could discuss troubling situations (Matzo and Sherman, 2009), for example using an online forum which would also provide anonymity to facilitate open discussion.   It has been recommended that such groups be cross-disciplinary, as this would allow for potentially valuable differing viewpoints to facilitate discussion and potentially offer different solutions or approaches to those traditionally used by a team (Matzo and Sherman, 2009). Nursing management staff are thought to experience less moral distress than nurses themselves, presumably as the result of the distance perceived between themselves and the questionable moral decision (Ganz et al., 2015).   As a result it may also be beneficial for management staff to receive specific training about moral distress so that they can understand the situation better and provide more effective support to their teams. Conclusion Moral distress is a significant factor for nurses leaving the profession.   Combatting moral distress is important, not only for the welfare of nursing staff but also the patients themselves.   Healthcare institutions have a responsibility to minimise moral distress as much as possible by improving administrative issues such as staffing levels, team organisation and job satisfaction.   However nurses still have a responsibility to themselves and their patients to reduce moral distress and thus negate its impact on patient care (as well as their own health and wellbeing) by actively partaking in activities such as ethical discussion groups and peer support networks.   Together nurses, healthcare institutions and universities can reduce the impact of moral distress by cultivating an environment where nursing staff can participate in controversial care plan discussions. References Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., Nakhaee, N. and Roshanzadeh, M. (2014). The relationship between moral distress, professional stress, and intent to stay in the nursing profession. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7, p.3. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512824 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Bryon, E., Dierckx de CasterlÃÆ' ©, B. and Gastmans, C. (2012). Because we see them naked nurses experiences in caring for hospitalized patients with dementia: considering artificial nutrition or hydration (ANH). Bioethics, 26 (6), p.285à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"295. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21320145 [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Dalmolin, G. de L., Lunardi, V. L., Lunardi, G. L., Barlem, E. L. D. and Silveira, R. S. da. (2014). Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22 (1), p.35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"42. [Online]. Available at : https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Deady, R. and McCarthy, J. (2010). A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress: A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46 (3), p.209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"220. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00260.x   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Em Pijlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Zieber, Brad Hagen, Chris Armstrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Esther, Barry Hall, Lindsay Akins and Michael Stingl. (2008). Moral distress: an emerging problem for nurses in longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?term care? Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 9 (2), p.39à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"48. [Online]. Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14717794200800013   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Fitzpatrick, J. J. and Wallace, M. (2011). Encyclopedi a of Nursing Research, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAE_s82NjtACdq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=WMiLVfSZE8Ke7gaO4IGIBgved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ganz, F. D., Wagner, N. and Toren, O. (2015). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress. Nursing Ethics, 22 (1), p.43à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"51. [Online]. Available at: https://nej.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0969733013515490 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Jameton, A. (1984). Nursing practice: The ethical issues. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs. [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Karanikola, M. N. K., Albarran, J. W., Drigo, E., Giannakopoulou, M., Kalafati, M., Mpouzika, M., Tsiaousis, G. Z. and Papathanassoglou, E. D. (2014). Moral distress, autonomy and nurse-physician collaboration among intensive care unit nurses in Italy. Journal of Nursing Management, 22 (4), p.472à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"484. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jon m.12046 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Linnard-Palmer, L. and Kools, S. (2005). Parents refusal of medical treatment for cultural or religious beliefs: an ethnographic study of health care professionals experiences. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing: Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, 22 (1), p.48à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"57. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574726. [Accessed: 25 June 2015] Matzo, M. L. and Sherman, D. W. (2009). Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition. Springer Publishing Company. [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoCpg=PA121dq=nursing+moral+distresshl=ensa=Xei=cciLVbDDK-fd7QbR6q3oDQved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepageq=nursing%20moral%20distressf=false [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Morgan, B. and Tarbi, E. (2015). A Survey of Moral Distress Across Nurses in Intensive Care Units (FR416-A). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 49 (2), p.360à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â€Å"361. [Online]. Available at: doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.11.091 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Rees, C. E., Monrouxe, L. V. and McDonald, L. A. (2015). My mentor kicked a dying womans bedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Analysing UK nursing students most memorable professionalism dilemmas. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71 (1), p.169à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"180. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jan.12457 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Severinsson, E. (2003). Moral stress and burnout: Qualitative content analysis. Nursing and Health Sciences, 5 (1), p.59à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"66. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00135.x   [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Stanley, M. J. C. and Matchett, N. J. (2014). Understanding how student nurses experience morally distressing situations: Caring for patients with different values and beliefs in the clinical environment. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4 (10), p.p133. [Online]. Available at: https://ww w.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/view/5139 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Ulrich, C., Hamric, A. and Grady, C. (2010). Moral Distress: A Growing Problem in the Health Professions? Hastings Center Report, 40 (1), p.20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"22. [Online]. Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v040/40.1.ulrich.html [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Whitehead, P. B., Herbertson, R. K., Hamric, A. B., Epstein, E. G. and Fisher, J. M. (2015). Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution-Wide Survey: Moral Distress. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47 (2), p.117à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"125. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jnu.12115 [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1987). Moral Distress in Nursing Practice: Experience and Effect. Nursing Forum, 23 (1), p.16à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"29. [Online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1987.tb00794.x/abstract [Accessed: 25 June 2015]. Wilkinson, J. M. (1989). Moral Distress: A Labor and Delivery Nurses Experience. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 18 (6), p.513à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"519. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1989.tb00503.x [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wilson, M. A., Goettemoeller, D. M., Bevan, N. A. and McCord, J. M. (2013). Moral distress: levels, coping and preferred interventions in critical care and transitional care nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22 (9-10), p.1455à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1466. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jocn.12128 [Accessed: 26 June 2015]. Wojtowicz, B., Hagen, B. and Van Daalen-Smith, C. (2014). No place to turn: Nursing students experiences of moral distress in mental health settings: Moral Distress in Mental Health Settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23 (3), p.257à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"264. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/inm.12043 [Accessed: 25 Ju ne 2015].

George Orwell is Continuing to Shapes Political Scheme

Stating that â€Å"War is peace. Freedom is slavery. And Ignorance is strength.†, George Orwell was tossed in to the political realm as a British writer and philosopher. Known for his criticism towards Britain’s government and other popular government ideologies, he continues to shape today’s political scene. Regardless of the type of spotlight he received during his life, he served as a true milestone to British literature and politics. Orwell lived a secluded live. He would spend days at work and insisted that no one bothers him. He let few people into his life and often made it clear that he did not want many people knowing how he lived. Even on his death bed he announced his â€Å"prohibition against anyone producing any biography of him whatsoever† (Firchow 4). However countless biographies, novels, and documentaries circulate trying to describe the man he was. Just as he is loved and hated by people in the present, over sixty years ago his name was plagued from critics labeling him a â€Å"non-congenital†, â€Å"racist and naà ¯ve†, â€Å"non-genius†, â€Å"anti-Semitic†, and â€Å"both homophobic and antifeminist writer† (Firchow 22). While these claims may be visible through the content in a selection of his novels, Peter Firchow believes that â€Å"if he were confronted personally by those who might have felt offended by his negative remarks about gays and women, he probably would have apologized and perhaps even changed his ways† (Firchow 23). Orwell didn’t let most of the critics’ sneer remarks get to

Nuclear Energy Analysis Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Energy Analysis Essay Nuclear Energy should be produced because it is an alternative to fossil fuel. Nuclear energy helps to conserve our national resources that we use as fuel such as coil, oil, and natural gas. Another pro of nuclear energy is that radiation that is given off by nuclear energy is mostly thought of a very dangerous thing but it can be used in positive ways too. For example, if you break a bone a doctor can inject a radioactive phosphorous compound, which is a compound that concentrates on active growth surfaces of bone. Then the doctor can see which part of the bone has been broken or set in an improper position because of the phosphorous compound concentrating on that region. We should not allow nuclear energy production, because nuclear energy is how atomic bombs were created. Atomic Bombs is a bomb that derives its great explosive force from the sudden release of Nuclear Energy through the fission, or splitting, of a heavy atomic nuclei. In Wold War II the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing thousands and thousands of innocent civilians. If it were not for nuclear energy this weapon of mass destruction would not be able to be made. Another reason nuclear energy production should not be allowed is because of the potential for dangerous radiation to get out of the nuclear power plant and cause many deaths and long term harmful effects to the people subjected to such radiationGovernment Essays

Thousand Acres Essays - English-language Films, A Thousand Acres

Thousand Acres This is a book report about the book A Thousand Acres. Jane Smiley wrote this book, the grade level is 7.7 and it is worth twenty-seven points. This book is about three sisters who are each trying to be given a third of the farm corporation set up by their father. The aging father is trying to set up the corporation so that the daughters won't have to pay inheritance taxes. The youngest daughter, Caroline, who happens to be a lawyer does not like this idea. Rose and Ginny think that it is a good idea, they live on the farm. Due to this disagreement the family gets into a big fight. Some not too good memories come out of the fight. The girlsremember the fact that their father molested Ginny and Rose. Rose and Ginny get sued for the farm by their father and Caroline, in the end Ginny and Rose win the battle. After the whole court affair was over Ginny moved away to try to forget about it all, then Rose's breast cancer comes back and she moves back to help Rose and her daughters. Then when they thought that all tragedy was over, their father died of a heart attack. Rose fought her cancer for a while, but in the end she lost her battle. The major conflict in this book was when Rose and Ginny remember about their father molesting them. Their father thought that he took the secret that he molested them to the grave, but he didn't. It took a while for Ginny to remember that she was molested. After Rose kept on telling her that they were molested Ginny had some flashbacks and she remembered what happened. Rose and Ginny never told anyone about their father. He was a respected man in the community and Rose and Ginny were mad that their father got away with it. The theme of this story is that when something bad happens you need to talk about it. It can trigger more and more problems if you don't get it off your chest. When you keep the secret to yourself it builds up and eats away at you. Then it makes you angrier about the problem. By not telling anyone it doesn't help the problem any. In my opinion I didn't really care for this book. The problems could have been taken care of if the two girls were stronger-willed. They just let themselves be pushed over and the problem was never resolved, then their father died and they never talked about it with him. I also don't like the fact that the sisters were arguing over the land like it was a toy. It was an easy book to understand, but most people wouldn't really care for it because not many people can relate to it.

Venture Capital Financing Essays

Venture Capital Financing Essays Venture Capital Financing Paper Venture Capital Financing Paper While Heather Evans has a great idea, there is a significant amount of work to be done before she can get her company off the ground. Heather Evans has been bootstrapping the business so far but desperately wants to take the company to the next level. In order to get the first collection out of the door, she needs to find investors to finance her operations. Subsequently the most important task she is faced with Is reviewing the various financing options that are available and deciding on an option that Is suitable for her specific company at Its current stage. Concurrently, Heather Evans needs to assemble the key members of the management team to assist In guiding the company through Its Infancy. Fortunately, Heather Evans has a strong network from business school and colleagues from the investment banking and fashion industry which should serve to provide a pool of individuals whom she can select from that share the same vision and passion for her business. The overall concept of the business is straight forward. Heather Evans company plans to offer a designer line to fit the life-style of professional women. However, accomplishing a successful launch of this type of venture is dependent upon several key factors. First and foremost, the potential market that Heather Evans has targeted must be large enough to merit a new business venture and provide opportunity for growth. According to Heather Evans and a recent market study included In the case, these Individuals encompass a fast-grouping group with great purchasing power which are currently undeserved. Furthermore, the size of this market segment Is large enough that it will sustain the future growth of Heather Evans business. Another Key Doctor Is ten acceptance AT Heather Evans eagles Ana ten Tall product by the market, and a continuous repeat customer base. Market penetration is armament to the success of the business and in establishing a long-lasting brand identity that resonates amongst her customer base. To accomplish this Heather Evans business needs a complete marketing strategy so the potential consumer is aware of Heather Evans brand. Only by building relationships with the appropriate retail channels and attaining proper exposure to the potential clients can her product establish itself in the fashion industry. In addition, it is vital to have a management team that will oversee the companys operation. These ideal individuals must possess industry experience and proven track records that will assist Heather Evans in building her company. Lastly and most importantly for potential investors is the proper exit strategy. Heather Evans needs to plan for a scenario so the investors can cash in on the investment in a later stage of the venture and realize a competitive return otherwise she will not get the necessary funding needed to get started. Aside from the factors previously discussed there are few additional considerations to take into account that will impact the success of the business. Since this is a niche market which Heather Evans is proposing to reengineering, there attention that her brand could become synonymous with this area of fashion thus creating significant brand loyalty going forward. Furthermore, there are significant opportunities to expand the product offerings at much lower production costs, since the operating costs are relatively fixed. Moreover, the prospect of the licensing the Heather Evans brand is another sizeable revenue stream. Finally, a recent PIP of a comparable company obtained a sizeable valuation demonstrating the great potential in the fashion business. On the flip side, fashion design is very subjective. There is no telling how people ill respond to Heather Evans first collection. Even if the collection is a hit, there is a concern that the design trends will be copied by other manufactures. Fashion is a very fickle industry and the barriers to entry are fairly low so competition can be fierce even if Heather Evans brand is considered first to market. Then there is the threat from other well-known brands, which could easily pursue this particular market segment if Heather Evans company sees some initial success. 2) To date, Heather Evans entrepreneurial efforts have shown promise but there have also been some missteps along the way. With a background in the fashion industry and exposure to the business world at Morgan Stanley and Harvard, Heather Evans is well prepared for the challenges of starting a new business. Unfortunately, Heather Evans also lacks experience and some of her actions are indicative of a first- time entrepreneur with much to learn about starting a company. Heather Evans invests a large portion of time to researching her new venture and formulating a business plan. By sticking too well mapped out schedule and demonstrating a coherent plan of action, Heather Evans has shown she is a well organized, enterprising entrepreneur with a lot resolve to make things happen. Furthermore, her ability to multi-task and still meet deadlines proves she is proactive and more than capable of properly executing her plan. The fact that while she was in cocoons seen anneal employees, standalone an Outlet Ana manage to contact potential investors instills a lot of confidence in potential investors. However, there are times when one has to wonder if she is overextending herself and the urgency Heather Evans has established to release her product does pose a threat to the potential success of the business. Another key aspect is the fact that Heather Evans has clearly demonstrated an ability to make difficult decisions as evidenced by the firing of Robert Vain and selection of a costlier but more attractive location for her offices. However, there are times when her snap Judgments and ability to read people backfire such as the Barbara Tarp incident which could have become a substantial problem had Heather Evans not consulted a friend. Once could also question the choice in office locations as preserving cash in a start-up is so integral to the longevity of the firm in the early stages. Going forward, Heather Evans needs to focus less on Arden ; Co. And pay more attention to other financing channels. In addition, she should make a draft of the deal terms for individual investors which should lead to quicker response times and less ambiguity in the financing process. Lastly, Heather Evans should focus more on establishing a stronger management team and building relationships with fashion buyers and distribution channels as the people aspect is the most essential element to the success of her business. 3) Generally speaking, Heather Evans provides the investor with a well focused, articulate business plan that outlines the general function and purpose of her business. The inclusion of a table of contents along with a summary page provides attention investors with a quick overview of the contents and a basic understanding of Heather Evans business. It should be pointed out that disseminating anything beyond the executive summary should not commence without the receipt of a non- disclosure agreement by each party that reviews the document. Delving into the actual document, one gets a sense that Heather Evans has thoroughly thought out her idea and the market potential for her products. A well defined introduction that serves as the mission statement for the company helps the investor quickly realize the nature of the proposed business and quickly sets the tone or the rest of the document. Furthermore, the discussion of her experience in the industry and inclusion of a resume to support her claims provides the reader with tangible evidence of her understanding of the market need Heather Evans is proposing to address. The mention of developing the Heather Evans label for licensing potential is important as it demonstrates potential growth for the firm and that Heather Evans has given consideration to the long-term prospects of the company. The marketing section of the proposal is quite detailed and is one of the better prepared sections. By citing actual figures such as the $5 billion market for the companys products, Heather Evans does create a clear picture of the firms potential. Furthermore she provides a solid follow-up on how the firm plans to serve these individual and the comparison to Liz Collarbone gives the potential investor some familiarity they can associate with Heather Evans company. To strengthen her proposal, ten mention AT allotment Tells Ana actual store names would Turner serve to clarify her business approach so investors knew exactly how her business would address the marketplace and the underlying challenges faced. More details on the skis and information on feasibility of repeat sales and expansion to other industries would also be useful. The operations section was also well presented but needs to be better developed. Heather Evans does a nice Job of creating a timeline for prospective investors and gives a sense of the scalability of the operations as the company moves from design to production. However, the actual details of the process are vague at best and would be instrumental in truly determining Heather Evans ability to execute as the company moves from each phase. One of the glaring weaknesses in the Heather Evans business proposal is the reparation of the included financial data. The biggest issue with the financial is the inclusion of only two years of projections. While the monthly breakdown is useful for determining the seasonality of the business, investors generally prefer to see pro formal financial extending out five years to give a better sense of the business. Growth, cost and revenue patterns are more easily discernible over a longer time frame and the five year timeline coincides more frequently with investors exit strategies. In addition, the assumptions laid out for the investor are important but more detailed explanations would have been helpful. Furthermore, many of the assumptions were listed as flat amounts or static percentages when in fact it would be more reasonable e to conclude that such numbers would change and evolve as her business did. The fact that the numbers were signed off on by an accounting firm that did not question the lack of five year projections would raise additional questions about the companies she has retained to assist in starting the business. Another issue with the business plan is the discussion of management. With any business, people are the greatest assets so having a strong and experienced management team is essential to the success of any business. Reading through the proposal, one does not get the sense that much thought has gone into involving many other parties to facilitate the launch and success of the company. While Heather Evans has recruited a talented assistant designer and gives mention of additional hires as the business grows, the reader is left with the sense that Heather Evans is attempting to take on too many of the business responsibilities herself. Although Heather Evans has an impressive resume and no doubt possesses the raw talent and ambition to make her company a success, she lacks experience in many key areas and is spreading herself too thin. One key area is in the actual design of the products themselves. Many of the worlds most famous and successful fashion designers worked for others for many years to learn their craft. Subsequently, to reassure interested parties that the company will have the talent and staffing resources to break into the industry, more thought needs to go into developing a management team with the knowledge and experience to augment Heather Evans ambitiousness so that the company can realize the goals detailed in the proposal. Lastly, the lack of a strong legal plan the relevancy of some of the documents maintained in the appendices are detrimental to the quality of Heather Evans proposal. Considering the fact that we live in such a litigious society, Heather Evans needs to arrest any Ana all potential Issues Tanat could pose a rills to near company. The mention of a law firms name in her executive summary is a nice touch but Heather Evans should have them prepare a more formal document to include in her proposal that outlines any pending or possible future legal issues so that potential investors are aware of every single possible legal risk associated with this business venture. Also, some of the documents contained in the appendices could be better explained so that their relevancy and usefulness to the investor is more apparent. The inclusion of the names and requirements of some potential investors does not seem to be pertinent nor helpful to Heather Evans pursuits so omitting them in future drafts is recommended. Lastly, some additional information on Heather Evans designs would provide the investor with confidence that the products have been properly designed and that the business is ready to go forward. Overall, despite some issues, Heather Evans proposal shows promise and monstrance that she has thought through many of the key aspects of her business. Provided a revised draft is more detailed and includes a legal plan, more information on management and better prepared financial projects, this should serve as an informative document for potential investors. 4) There are several financing options available to Heather Evans to secure the necessary funds to launch her company. Arden ; Co. , a New York based private investment bank with an excellent reputation, has already shown considerable interest in Heather Evans idea. Best of all, the person who represents Arden Co. Anne Smelling, happens to be an ex-colleague, and a personal friend of Heather Evans. It would be a great option for Heather Evans if Arden Co. Can be involved as the lead investor, as it lends some creditability to the venture and gives her some much needed leverage to bargain with other potential investors. However, after several interactions with Anne Smelling, Heather Evans finds that Anne Smelling isnt very professional and to date no firm actions have taken place. In order to keep her options open, Heather Evans has also spoken with a couple other venture capital firms that had indicated some interest in her business. Heather Evans values the opportunity to gain some insight on the valuation of her own company, but at the same time, she is concerned about the bureaucratic decision-making process with those firms and the less favorable terms they are offering compared to other potential private investors. During these conversations, one of them suggests a Joint venture with Helen Neil Fashions, Inc. It is an intriguing idea, but mainly depends on Helen Nils approval. Since so much hinges on one individuals approval and Heather Evans has discovered that the company lacks the operating management experience she was hoping for, he opportunity is less than ideal. Consequently, Heather Evans also explores opportunities with a number of private investors (ranging from family, friends, classmates and industry connections) including Herbert Greene. Herbert Greene was previously invested in the Liz Collarbone deal and has connections in the industry to various fabric and textile suppliers. Furthermore, his reputation carries a lot of weight on Seventh Avenue which could also provide some much needed credibility and serve to instill assonance In toner Investors. Although seen Is getting positive Teacake Trot many AT Hess investors, Heather Evans has been struggling to structure a deal that will satisfy all the requirements for each individual investors. Despite her initial difficulties, in order to preserve her ownership stake, going with a group of private investors might be the best option, provided she can structure a deal to meet the demands of this diverse investment group. ) Typical of most first-time entrepreneurs, some of Heather Evans expectations are unrealistic and will have to be modified in order to realize her goals. One of the most glaring issues is the actual valuation of her company. Since Liz Collarbone is a decent comparable, given that the lowest discount rate applying to start-up financing is usually 50%, using Liz Collarbones PER as Heather Evans P ER, the present value should be $167,173 x $19/ Thus the required investment of $250,000, accounts for 39. 31% of the total value. Given the fact that the there are significant differences in the size of companies, growth stages and experience level of management, this approach for Heather Evans firm in this be overly aggressive leading to an overstated valuation. Another area Heather Evans will have to temper her expectations is in the control f the firm. While there is significant risk in investing in such an early stage company, Heather Evans should not have to surrender a controlling interest in the firm, especially if these parties will not add any additional value to the company. With that said, she does need to revise her equity requirements and will need to be more willing to part with additional ownership to satisfy the requirements of potential investors. Moreover, Heather Evans desire to retain control of her company is reasonable and actually important because it aligns her goals with the future of the rim and keeps her motivated to realize the success of the company. There is also the matter of who retains the rights to the Heather Evans name. Since fashion is completely dependent on brand name recognition, Heather Evans will have to revise her stance on maintaining control over the licensing of the name. By in large, the name is the greatest asset of the firm and also represents future revenue potential so the company will have to keep the name in the event that Heather Evans decides to leave the firm. Her requirement for license will not be satisfied. Lastly, it is very unreasonable for Heather Evans to expect her company to remain riveter when an PIP represents such a significant and important exit strategy. When cultivating potential investors Heather Evans needs to provide them with achievable return on their investment within a specific payback period. Removing this option would certainly deter many if not all potential investors as the potential to realize returns on their investment is already limited from the start. 6) As previously discussed, Heather Evans is a little unrealistic in her expectations and short-sighted in terms of structuring the early-stage financial deals necessary to get her company off the ground. In investing in any deal, there are three important elements, the timeline, risk of the investment and the potential return issued to compensate the investor for the risk. Most importantly, in presenting her business proposal, Heather Evans would be netter to provoke potential Investors Witt a cream Edie telling Tanat offers mole exit opportunities for the investors to realize returns on their investment. Considering the fact that the company is Just starting, it is better to leave as many options on the table as possible, such as payback period, right to put shares back to company or many promise buy shares from investors when it meets certain profits, even reconsidering to go public in the future. In addition to providing a way out of the investment, Heather Evans needs to build and maintain a company that is capable of generating revenue and retaining value so investors may realize a gain on their investment. Given the nature of the fashion industry, since the largest part of the companys value is held in the name itself, the company must retain full ownership over the Heather Evans name. However, to reconcile the Heathers position, it could be an option to offer Heather a royalty free science for certain years or require the same royalty free license from Heather and pay fixed fee to renew the license after free periods. In providing investors with a suitable return, Heather Evans could be available to forfeit a sizeable ownership stake in her company. When structuring the financing packages for investors in this current round, Heather Evans may needs to account for future funding rounds and the eventual ownership that will take place. Consequently, while it is not unreasonable that Heather Evans retain a controlling interest in the firm, she does not need to have over 50% of the equity at the beginning. Thus, if investors could seal a deal to promise Heather Evans that she will have the control in the future ownership structure by giving her a call to buy back or they will exercise a put under a valuation adjustment mechanism, they may get an agreement with Heather Evans.

The Growth of Anti-Communist Belief In the 20th century Essay

The Growth of Anti-Communist Belief In the 20th century - Essay Example The ideas of communism later grew rapidly spreading the political and social structures in countries all over the eastern bloc and causing an intense rivalry between the east and countries in the Western bloc that were mainly capitalist. During the cold war, the feelings against anticommunism began spreading in the eastern countries thereby resulting in the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The cold war created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda about other countries and economic regimes. The cold war period preceded the Second World War, a period in which countries in the different economic blocs never shared any business transaction and they each lived in fear of the operations of each bloc. Each region therefore feared that the other was progressively becoming stronger and accruing military assets thereby gaining military power. This culminated into fear which no bloc could break by opening war against the other. However, the fear and sus picion that the East had against the economy of the West slowly began countering the effect of communism in the East resulting in the abolition of the economic regime. The West led by the United States of America and countries in Europe had the capitalist economic structure. Capitalism enabled rapid economic growth since it permitted private enterprises thereby enabling the government to collect taxes from the population thereby gaining more revenue. The ideas of capitalism promised rapid economic growth through private investment. The western countries therefore looked economically stronger than the Eastern bloc did since they had enough money to purchase any military artillery they would require. This was unlike the situation in the Eastern bloc where the countries communally owned the economy and therefore the military assets. The regime looked weak and threatened the growth of the entire Asian continent and their affiliates. The precarious times of the cold war therefore created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda and hate messages among each region. The East progressively became suspicious of the activities of the western bloc, which had active economic activity. The fear and propaganda led to fighting among the different regions in the eastern bloc resulting in the split within the socialist world. The West feared that the growth of the communist ideologies in the East would eventually affect their economies since they targeted foreign markets after the war. The cold war therefore created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda which the west appropriately created and used their advanced telecommunication mechanisms to spread to east and other neutral countries. The infiltration of the propaganda resulted in fear, which compelled the socialist countries to split their political ideologies a feature in the history of communism that resulted in the creation of left wing anticommunism. The creation of the left wing anti-communi sm preceded the split of the communist parties from the previously predominant socialist second international to create three different political ideologies including the democratic socialist, the third international and the social democrats2. Communism had an elaborate political system referred to as the socialist. The regimes had

Stand up meeting in agile software development Dissertation

Stand up meeting in agile software development - Dissertation Example However, from the development of software methodologies, some classical or pioneering methods evolved. These are now known as the traditional approaches to the development of software. The traditional approach to software development involves the â€Å"definition of requirements which leads to the architecture or design of the development process and implementation† (Dean and Gravel, 2009 p12). This is a basic model that was steeped in convenience and the ability to complete things according to a standard pace. The Committee on Certifiable Dependable Software Systems criticized the traditional approaches to software development for lacking the basis for strong and rigorous analysis (2011). This is because these methods were very basic and depended on the software developer’s testing and validation without the inclusion of other external parties. Another criticism put forward against the traditional approach to software development is that it assumes that this approach i s based on a set of rigidly defined assumptions that will be used as the guideline throughout the process (Kathleen, 2007). This method usually lacks the flexibility that can help in the adjustment of the processes in the course of the software development (Kathleen, 2007). Thus, if the assumption of a given process is not appropriate, the project is prone to failures as it proceeds. A textbook example of the traditional software development approach is the waterfall model which contains rigid steps and levels that the software developer goes through in the completion of a software development process (Segal, 2010). The inherent issues in these systems have led to the creation of more dynamic and flexible approaches to software development like the Agile Software Development methodology. The literature review will critique these approaches and methods and evaluate them in relation to relevant issues and matters that are define each of them. This will set the parameters for the discu ssions on stand meetings and scrum meetings in dynamic approaches to software development. 2.1 Waterfall Approach The Waterfall Approach to the development of software follows a sequential process where activities follow each other downwards, like a waterfall; hence the name. The sequence applied in this methodology involves the analysis of requirements, design, coding, validation (testing), installation, and maintenance (Royce, 1970). Projects that follow the Waterfall Approach are normally segmented according to the different phases, although some of these phases might overlap during the process. The Waterfall Approach maintains tight resource control, and operations remain limited to the provisions as identified in the requirement analysis. The major setback to this method remains the assumption of having all essential problems and requirements identified at the beginning. This is a challenge because at the onset, there are many opportunities and threats that might not be clear t o the software developers. Unpredictable problems encountered during the project lifetime result in project failure. The method contains numerous activities which must be undertaken through a series of activities identified at the beginning of project. Figure 1: The Waterfall Approach (Source: Snyder, 2002) Figure 1 shows the fundamental stages and phases of the Waterfall Approach to software development. It depicts the sequential phases that a software develope

The Meaning of Life -Opinion Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Life -Opinion Essay My beliefs on the meaning of life in religion and interpretation of such things. In approaching the question of the meaning of life we have to examine the nature of meaning itself. Meaning, is by definition the point, or the intended goal. Consider the point of humans and the universe as seen from monotheistic religion. If life and the universe is some sort of toy or form of entertainment for some greater being, his point, his own entertainment, would then be the meaning of humans and the universe. Consider the goals of the deities of various cultures. Some strive for a balance between the forces of good and evil. This balance seems to simply be a choice of the deity, the way he thinks it ought to be. The concept of a greater being as a source of the meaning of life is flawed, because in talking about an actual point to absolutely everything, we are simply considering the goals of a being more powerful than ourselves who has chosen one of many possible goals that humans can conceive. This is to say that, if a god like this exists, his goal for life and the universe is not necessarily valid as a meaning of life, the universe, and himself. For instance, the Bible claims that the Christian deity created the universe and placed humans in it that they might be in awe of his power. If this is so, why is worship the correct response? The meaning of the universe as created by God is the entertainment of God, but what is the meaning of the larger system containing God and his creations? We could conceive of an even greater being, but that simply takes us all the way back into the wall of infinite regression. When I first read the Bible, it struck me as neutral on the idea of worship. The Bible flat out tells you that God created humans so that they would be in awe of him, which amounts to saying God created us to inflate his ego. We are to God as our pets are to ourselves, sources of unconditional love. In the book of Job, God essentially makes a gentlemans bet with Satan that Jobs worship is genuine and not inspired by Gods kindness. In other words, you throw a rock at my dog and Ill swing my arm so it looks I threw it, and well see if he still comes when I call him. In the end, Job is not simply the dog, because he questions Gods throwing of the rock. Gods response is consistent with his goal of inspiring awe. Even though the idea of a bet with Satan is well within Jobs grasp, God claims that his purpose was inconceivable to Job. God is simply fortifying the concept that is critical to the continuance of human worship: that with inconceivable power comes incredible intelligence and unknowable purpose. The narrator of the Bible, which is supposedly God himself, speaking through humans, never directly says that he should be worshipped. This is merely the interpretation of humans, who may be created in Gods image with one crucial difference, the need to worship. Perhaps then, God is after the meaning of life. Imagine a being so powerful as to be able to create and mold the universe, who, like Roman and Greek gods, is only marginally more intelligent than his creations. Perhaps God, in all his ridiculous power, cannot change himself. In order to find the meaning of his own existence he creates the human race so that we might evolve to an intelligence greater than his own, in much the same way that a computer programmer wishes to create true AI, an intelligence greater than human, which might evolve within a computer. We are given the title of pet and the instinct of worship while the creator waits for a companion in the search for meaning. Of course this is wrong, or I would have been struck by a lightning bolt during that last sentence and brought to Gods side. Or perhaps God is not aware of his own success yet, or perhaps I am not the first to uncover Gods purpose, and my predecessor is debating meaning with God as we speak. Or perhaps I am intended to continue to search from the perspective that has proved so useful. In any case, this may amount to Christianity being a giant misunderstanding. At the very least, it means I can walk up to a Christian, tell him I believe in God and everything in the Bible, and ask him what the candles and the cathedrals are for. Back again to the one and only point: if a meaning exists it is not necessarily the purpose of our creation or existence. It has a larger scope, and can refer to the meaning of the existence of the being or force creating us, if such a force exists. This whole essay may seem simply a chance to bash Christianity and give intelligence even more of a right to inspire ego. Yet is it not the egotistical nature that is present in celebrating the most God-like trait in man, his intelligence, more forgivable and less blinding than the egotististical nature of comparing the meaning of ourselves to the meaning of the universe?

Cultural Conservation :: essays research papers

One problem with cultural conservation: To put it simply, and its not a problems that only conservatives very often confuse (or conflate ethics and aesthetics. When Gertrude Himmererfarf lambastes out (as she perceives it) 'amoral, 'sexually deviant' and 'polymorpously perverse' culture she is primarily responding to something that she finds culturally foreign and aesthetically threatening. I agree with her that values are oftentimes a good thing, but only when they are born of an ethical and pragmatic perspective, not an aesthetic one. The conservatives want a seemingly neat and compartment society wherein stable appearances are maintained and archaic cultural archetypes are adhered to religiously. I grew up in a world of cultural archetypes. I grew up with white businessmen going to office buildings while their wives stayed at home and their kids went to school. or , more accurately, I grew up with alcoholic, adulterous business men who lives culturally insular lives while their wives took sedatives and smoked cigarettes and vented their frustrations on there kids, and these same kids took reams of drugs, got abortions, drove drunk, and victimized the weaklings. I grew up in what most conservatives would consider a utopia; lots of money, prestige, cultural cohesion, and good conservative values. But their values were in fact aesthetics, and maintaining these aesthetics ruled and ruined their lives. Almost everyone in this suburban bourgeoisie system hated their lives, but because they had been brought up to worship aesthetic myths they felt that to question them was an admission of personal failure. What are these myths? they're old and platitudinal but I'll trot on them again: that's money makes you happy, that society is right and that poverty is bad, that maintaining convention in every aspect of your life is the ultimate good, that aberrance from these ideas is sin. ect. I'm not going to say that the polar opposites of the clichà ©s is true, that would be one of the failings of the radical left. I believe that for the most part these criteria are irrelevant. Money can make life easier, but it also can make life miserable. Poverty can be bad but it can also be fine. Convention has some good points and some bad points. What it all comes down to is flexibility that should allow for the well being of the individual without compromising the rights of other individuals. When conservatives trot out their litany of evils-homosexuality, single parent families, multiculturalism, ect. I'm always asking 'why?'. If people are happy being gay then whets wrong with that? it may be a lifestyle that's aesthetically different from what

Compare Polymers Metal And Ceramics Architecture Essay

Ceramicss are inorganic and nonmetallic stuffs formed from metallic and nonmetallic elements whose interatomic bonds are either ionic or largely ionic. Many of the ceramics desirable belongingss are obtained normally by a high temperature heat intervention. Ceramicss are made up of two or more elements. In a crystalline construction is more complex than that of metals. When the bonding is largely ionic the crystal construction is made up of positively charged metallic ions, cations, negatively charged nonmetallic ions and anions. When the ions are bonded together the overall charge must be impersonal. To hold a stable system the anions in the construction that surround a cation must be in contact with that peculiar ion. There needs to be a ratio of the cation radius to the anion radius for the coordination and apprehension of the constructions geometry. If for illustration there is a deficiency of coordination, the cation would be falsely incased by the anions therefore doing a prost ration in its expected structural stableness. There are many different types of constructions exist for ceramics. One crystal construction is the AX type where there are an equal figure of cations and anions. Another crystal construction that exists for ceramics has a different figure of cations and anions but still has a impersonal charge because the ions have different magnitudes of charge is called an AmXp construction. An AmBnXp construction has more than one type of cation, represented by A and B but merely one type of anion. This type of construction is besides seen in close wadding of ions in metals. Imperfections occur in the crystal construction of ceramics really similar to metal structural defects. Defects can happen in each of the two ions of the construction. At any clip there can be cation, anion interstitials, cation or anion vacancies. Most defects or imperfectnesss occur in braces to keep the electroneutrality. A Frenkel defect is a cation vacancy and cation interst itial brace. When a cation and anion vacancy brace occurs they are called a Schottky defect. Ceramicss can besides hold drosss in the crystal construction like metals.Figure 12.21 gives a conventional diagram of the Frenkel and a Schotkey defects ( pg 435 ) .In many instances ceramics tend to be really brickle which can take to ruinous failure with really few marks of weariness. This is due to the fact that ceramics absorb really small energy before they fracture. When ceramics are subjected to a tensile emphasis, they about ever break before any fictile distortion takes topographic point. Fracture occurs because of the formation and extension of clefts perpendicular to the applied burden. Ceramicss have a greater ability to defy compaction than tenseness. The modulus of snap lessenings with more pores in the ceramic stuff. When there are many pores in the stuff they act as emphasis concentrators which expose the stuff to weak part. However, ceramics are really difficult and are goo d for applications where abradant or crunching action is needed. Most polymers are organic and are composed of hydrocarbons with interatomic forces that are represented as covalent bonds. Most polymers ironss are rather long and really complex. These long molecules are made up of repetition units which are repeated along the concatenation. The smaller repetition unit is called a monomer. Polymers can be made up of a individual repetition unit, called a homopolymer, or two or more different reiterating units called copolymers. Polymers by and large have a really big molecular weight. These molecular ironss tend to hold many kinking, bending, and gyrating along with web with adjacent ironss may happen. This causes the result stuff to be really elastic. Polymer ironss can hold side groups which cause different constellations based on which side and with what regularity they bond. They can show a degree of crystallinity similar to the wadding of the molecular ironss to make an ordered atomic array. This crystal construction can be much more complex than metallic crystal constructions. Defects in polymers besides differ from those found in metals and ceramics. Defects in polymers are linked to the concatenation ends because they are somewhat different than the concatenation itself and emerge from the sections of the crystal. Polymers are really sensitive to strive rate, temperature, and chemical nature of the environment. Different polymers can exhibit different emphasis strain behaviour depending on the compl exness of the molecular concatenation. Certain polymers display a degree of is brickle where break occurs before elastic distortion which is really similar in the instance of ceramics. Another type of polymers is really similar to metals where elastic distortion takes topographic point foremost followed by giving and fictile distortion. A 3rd type is exhibited by elastomers which have wholly elastic and recoverable distortion. Polymers by and large have a lower modulus of snap and tensile strength so metals. Some Polymers can be stretched up to ten times longer than its original province where metals and ceramics can non easy carry through. Polymers exhibit viscoelasticity at temperatures between where elastic and liquid like behaviours are prevailing. Similar to metals and ceramics, polymers can see weirdo. Creep is a clip dependent factor due to deformation under emphasis or elevated temperature. In both ceramics and polymers, creep depends on clip and temperature. Polymers may be malleable or brickle depending on temperature, strain rate, specimen geometry, and manner of lading which is really similar to the belongingss of metals. Polymers are brickle at low temperatures and have somewhat low impact strengths. Polymers can see weariness under a insistent burden. They are by and large softer than metals and ceramics and unlike metals and ceramics, polymer runing occur over a scope of temperatures alternatively at a specific temperature. Metallic elements are a stuff made up of metallic elements that are bonded metallically similar common metal. The negatrons are non bound to any peculiar atom making a matrix of ion nucleuss surrounded by many negatrons. They are really good music directors of heat and electricity where as ceramics and polymers are missing. Polymers and metals are both malleable and are non that brickle though metals besides exhibit a degree of plasticity. Ceramicss are really brittle, they tend to fracture under a burden which means they are missing in ductileness. Polymers are the softest stuff due to their complex construction, while ceramics are the hardest but are non really tough because they fracture before fictile distortion occurs. Polymers plastically deform really easy and have the smallest Young ‘s modulus. Ceramicss have the highest value because of their crispness and ne'er reach the point of fictile distortion because they would fracture foremost. The values of Young ‘s mod ulus for metals fall between those for polymers and ceramics. These three stuffs have diverse constructions and exhibit different degrees of defects.â€Å" Alloying, † utilizing the term in the broadest sense.Simply an metal is a metal compound that consists of 2 or more metal or nonmetallic elements. These combinations of metallic and non metallic elements finally create new compounds that in consequence show superior structural belongingss as compared to the elements by themselves. The type of metal mixtures is extremely dependent on the coveted mechanical belongings of the stuff. Alloying can be applied to metals, ceramics and polymers where in each particular belongingss are desired. One of the most coveted belongingss of metal metal is the hardenability. A stuff with a high degree of hardness will defy distortion caused by surface indenture or scratch while a stuff with a low hardness degree will deform more easy under similar conditions. The chief factor in a stuff ‘s hardenability is its martensite ( the rate which austenitized Fe C metals are formed when cooled ) besides content and is related to the sum of C in a stuff. With this application of debasing on metals, the stuff can exhibit greater strain and emphasis oppositions every bit good as snap. These belongingss are favourable when covering with building and fabrication procedures. A ceramic metal is fundamentally a merger of a ceramic with of 2 or more metals. As seen in metal metals, ceramic metals can dwell of dross atoms in a solid province. In ceramic metals an interstitial and substitutional provinces are possible. In an interstitial type, the anion has to be bigger than the dross of the ionic radius. The substitutional dross applies where the dross atom normally forms a cation in the ceramic stuff therefore the host cation will be substituted.Figure 12.23 provides a great ocular representation of interstitial and substitutional types in a ceramic metal ( pg 437 ) .Significantly, to decently accomplish a solid province of solubility for replacing dross atoms, the charge and the ionic size must be as the same as the host ion. If they were different it there would necessitate to be some other manner for the electroneutrality to be maintained within the solid. An easy manner to make this is to make a formation of lattice defects of vacancies or interstitial of both ion types. Cobalt Cr is a perfect illustration of a ceramic metal in which was designed to be used for coronary intercessions therefore because it does non degrade one time placed in the human organic structure. Polymer alloys consist of two or more different types of polymers in a sense blended together. There are a assortment of additives that can be blended or mixed in with the polymer to make the coveted consequence for the stuff. Polymer additives that support the alteration of its physical belongingss are fillers, plasticisers, stabilizers and of class fire retardents. Fillers are by and large introduced to a polymer, when a greater comprehensive strength and thermic stableness is desired. Making these types of metals are really good because they are by and large really easy to make and utilize in their coveted signifier. Plasticizers help better the flexibleness and stamina of polymers by cut downing the hardness and stiffness of the stuff. They are frequently introduced to polymers that are by and large brickle at room temperature. These additives are particularly utile because they by and large lower the glass passage temperature therefore leting the polymer to hold a extent of bend ability. Due to the fact that certain polymers are non resilient to environmental conditions, stabilizers are introduced. They provide stableness and unity against impairment against the mechanical belongingss. The two most common signifiers of environmental impairment are UV exposure and oxidization. A major concern with many polymers is that they are extremely flammable. Fire retardents are introduced to such polymers to cut down the combustibleness of the stuff by interfering with its ability to burn through a gas stage or originating a different burning reaction that generates less heat. This procedure will cut down the temperature that would finally discontinue the combustion procedure.Kirill Shkolnik105940393 ESG 332 – R01 Exam # 2 ( Question # 2 )Describe with mention to phase diagrams and disruption theory, how precipitation age hardening can be achieved in aluminium metals.By and large aluminium is a metal with a low degree of denseness compared to other metals. Due to this low degree of denseness, it conducts electricity and heat better than Cu. Aluminums merely over 1200 grades Fahrenheit which is comparably low to other metals. Due to these simple facts, it seems ideal to bond elements such as Ti, Si, Cu, Zn and other stuffs to amplify aluminiums positive properties. The procedure precipitation age hardening can magnify the alloying of aluminium. This procedure involves supersaturating a solid solution precipitating equally dispersed atoms on the aluminium. This will assist halt the motion of disruptions within the metal construction. The basic construct of disruption is the atomic misalignment of atoms in a additive plane. These atomic misalignments affect a whole series of atoms on a plane. The series of misalign atoms form a line called a disruption line. There are two known types of disruption called the prison guard and border disruption. Screw disruption and border disruption are the primary types of disruptions but require a certain sum of each other to happen. By cut downing the sum of disruptions can radically increase the strength in the metal. The procedure of debasing normally makes a pure stuff harder. The procedure of debasing is holding one metal bond with dross atoms from other stuffs to alter its mechanical belongingss. An debasing procedure called solid solution debasing uses a solution to replace bonds inside the metal. The modification of disruption motion is a major factor for debasing because it can be used to beef up metals. Debasing metals with the precipitation hardening makes the strength of the new stuff stronger as the advancement of the procedure is delayed. The ground for precipitation hardening is sought after is because of its abilities in do ing metals stronger. Aluminum metals can hold precipitation in a really specific manner. Heat intervention occurs when one stuff is heated a supersaturated mixture at a specific stage and so two different stages can be present together. A precipitate signifiers in little pieces throughout the full stuff. When the mixture is at its equilibrium, the forming procedure comes to an terminal. The little pieces of precipitate so spread together to organize one big precipitate. This phase of the precipitate tends to weaken the stuffs cardinal construction. The little pieces of precipitate in the stuff make it harder for disruptions to travel. When strength of the stuff diminishes due to the motion of the precipitate it is called overaging. There are two things need for heat interventions to be applied.Figure 11.21 provides a graphical representation the relationship between temperature and composing for aluminium and Cu ( pg 402 ) .The Cu stage represented at a shows a supersaturated solid solution in aluminium while the compound that between the two elements is symbolized as? . Interestingly the point M represents the max solubility point at certain temperature and composing in the stuff. Point N represents the solubility bound of a and ( a + ? ) L symbolizes the temperature needed for the solution to go a liquid. If a major sum of solute is made available in the solution, we would hold a precipitation hardened metal. The bound of the solubility curve immensely decreases in concentration as the temperature decreases. There are two different ways precipitation can happen. One procedure is the usage heat intervention where the solute can be dissolved to organize a solid individual stage solution. This method can be done by heating an metal to a really high temperature.Figure 11.24 shows that the? stage is blended into a stage ( pg 404 ) .Then the metal is cooled where all that is left is a supersaturated a stage. Precipitation heat intervention the ( a + ? ) stage is heated to a specific temperature to let the? stage to precipitate. The metal is cooled and the hardness of the metal is determined by clip. A logarithmic map a comparing with strength and clip proves the dependance of temperature and strength.Kirill Shkolnik105940393 ESG 332 – R01 Exam # 2 ( Question # 3 )Describe what is meant by the term â€Å" glass passage temperature † and exemplify your reply from polymer and ceramic point of position.Typically a glass passage temperature is where a noncrystalline signifier of a polymer or a ceramic is cooled and transforms from a super cooled liquid into a glass. A ceramic or a glassy stuff is a noncrystalline stuff that becomes progressively more syrupy when it is cooled. Due to the fact that glassy stuffs are noncrystalline there is no definite temperature when the liquid will transform into a solid. Though, it is besides of import to observe that in noncrystalline stuffs the specific volume is dependent on temperature and will diminish with the temperature. The glass passage temperature displays a decrease in the rate at which the particular volume decreases with temperature. When the temperature is below this value, the stuff is in a ceramic from and straight above this point the stuff is considered a superco oled liquid. The glass passage temperature occurs in both glassy and semicrystalline polymers, but non in crystalline stuffs. As certain molecular ironss in noncrystalline stuffs temperature bead due to miss of gesture the glass temperature passage occurs. Basically glass passage is the clip in which a steady transmutation occurs from the liquid province to a somewhat rubberlike province and so to the concluding more stiff solid stuff. The glass passage temperature is the province in which the stuff goes from its rubbery to stiff province. This passage can take topographic point in both waies. As a polymer for illustration is cooled to a stiff solid, it can be heated and undergo the same passage in contrary. As the stuff undergoes all of these alterations its belongingss change from province to province. Some stuffs can see greater alteration include the stiffness, heat capacity, and the coefficient of thermic enlargement for the stuff during this passage. The glass passage temperature besides acts as a bound boundary for applications of polymers and polymer matrix like constituents. If this temperature is beyond the stuff threshold, it will no longer suit the coveted belongingss the undertaking had called for and the application would be useless. The molecules that had been frozen in topographic point below the will both revolve and interpret at the temperatures above. Molecular features have an impact on the concatenation ‘s stiffness and will in bend affect the glass passage temperature for the stuff. Some molecular features that can do the concatenation ‘s flexibleness to be reduced and the glass passage temperature to increase that include bulky side groups on the molecular concatenation. Besides these features can impact polar atoms or groups of polar atoms on the side of the molecular concatenation, dual bonds, and aromatic groups. The glass passage temperature will besides increase as the molecular weight of the stuff additions. Branching besides influences the of a stuff, many subdivisions will diminish the ironss mobility and addition, a lower denseness of subdivisions will do the to diminish as the molecular ironss will hold a freer scope of gesture. Crosslinks can happen in glassy polymers and can impact, they cause the decrease of gesture and hence addition. If there are excessively many crosslinks occur in the stuff, the molecular gesture would be so limited that glass passage may non happen. It can be understood that many of the same molecular features which affect the glass passage temperature besides affect the thaw passage temperature. The two are affected in such a similar mode that is normally someplace between 0.5 to 0.8 times the runing passage temperature.Figure 15.19 demonstrates this mathematic relationship ( pg 548 ) .Both ceramic and polymers have a glass passage temperature. A glass can be referred to by several different names ; such as vitreous solid, an formless solid or glassy solid. An formless solid has the mechanical belongingss of a solid, but does non hold long scope molecular order where they are in gesture at a really slow rate that it be considered stiff for regular intents. When glassy stuffs have be en supercooled below the glass passage temperature they will take on features similar to those of a crystalline solid. This solid will go stiff with an increased hardness and will be more brickle. However, if a glassy stuff is heated to above its glass passage temperature it will go softer and many of the intermolecular bonds will interrupt leting the stuff to flux at an increasing fluid viscousness. A polymer below the glass passage temperature is more stiff, but as it enters its glass passage stage, the stuff becomes more rubbery as its viscousness additions. The polymer can come in its glass passage at a lower temperature when critical factors that normally affect the gesture of the molecules in the stuff are non all present. When molecular weight of a polymer additions, the glass passage temperature will besides increase. Many factors that increase the the gum elastic gasket would non make its occupation decently.Polymers can exhibit the undermentioned constructions: formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline. Describe these constructions and explicate how the mechanical belongingss may be influenced by these structural signifiers for a polymer of the same chemical expression.Polymers can develop formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline constructions of the same chemical expression. Polymers can be as liquids, semi solids, or solids related to the crystal constructions severally. However each of these constructions exhibit a assortment of different mechanical belongingss. The crystallinity of a polymer depends on the intermolecular secondary bonding which will to a great extent act upon the extent of any mechanical belongings of the polymer. The tensile strength, elastic modulus and compaction strength of a crystalline construction will be stronger than a semicrystalline construction and significantly stronger than formless type construction. For a crystalline construction the molecular ironss of the polymer are tightly packed together in an organized atomic group which take up infinite and will impact the polymers mechanical belongingss. These crystalline constructions are to a great extent influenced by the glass passage temperature. Besides the isomer and chemical expression lays out important factors that will be really of import in the formation of the bulk stuff construction. From certain big bulky functional groups there becomes an at hand hinderance that will suppress the motion capableness of a molecule. This procedure will increase the energy demand for any stage alteration. The result of this procedure is a greater passage temperature. This new temperature passage will increase the opportunities for the formation of a crystalline construction. The ground for this is and clip span before the stuff becomes a disorganised liquid and requires a longer clip for the molecules to set up themselves decently. When polymers have many subdivisions the weaker the stuff will be, even though crystalline constructions are stronger than less ordered stuffs.Figure 15.18 demonstrates the alteration in these structural provinces when specific volume and temperature are compared ( pg 546 ) .Pure polymers have a really little runing point scopes and bond strength. Doped polymers and polymer metals will by and large hold wider runing point scopes. The procedure of ramific ation will diminish the strength of a polymer, which would continuously diminish the thaw point temperature. Though, the act of ramifying on to a great extent heavy subdivisions will diminish molecule mobility. Besides within this procedure the molecular weight is affected every bit good.Kirill Shkolnik105940393 ESG 332 – R01 Exam # 2 ( Question # 4 )How are T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams used to plan heat intervention agendas for field C steels.Time-Temperature-Transformation or T-T-T and uninterrupted chilling transmutation or C-C-T are used for heat intervention agendas for field C steel. T-T-T are normally known as an isothermal transmutation diagrams can demo the alteration of different stages at certain temperatures. C-C-T can be used to cipher percent transmutation against the logarithm map through clip. The usage the isothermal transmutation and uninterrupted chilling transmutation diagrams can be used to develop a heat intervention for field C steels. These diagrams will back up the apprehension of C steels through stage diagrams. When a construction is heat treated, its chilling procedure helps retain its construction. This procedure can be analyzed through T-T-T.Figure 10.13 displays a graphical representation of temperature against clip with a 3rd dimension with the per centum of the steel metal transformed to pearlite ( pg 326 ). The apprehension of a rapid chilling metal sully depends on the apprehension and application of heat intervention. It is understood that isothermal transmutations do non alter in temperature but uninterrupted chilling transmutation diagrams do. C-C-T and T-T-T display the same dimensions but over a larger spectrum of clip and temperature.Figure 10.28 shows different signifiers of steel metals ( pg 338 ) .A stuff that has been cooled to a temperature so mewhat below its eutectoid temperature, and isothermal transmutation is maintained for an drawn-out period of clip, interestingly it can non be depicted on T-T-T diagrams in spheroid signifiers.